B4GEN

Thursday, 30 November 2017

NUCLEAR WEAPON: MAKING AND DELIVERING STAT-OF-THE ART

ACTION RESEARCH FORUM: AMIDST FACIST LEADERSHIP OF US AND N. KOREA, THE WORLD IS MARCHING TOWARDS MASS DESTTRCUTION, MAY BE INCARNATION RECUTSSION, WE CAN WATCH HAPPENING, BUT NOT AVERTING, HELPLESSLY. THE LAW OF NATURE WILL ACT, 


Source: https://arynews.tv/en/building-delivering-nuclear-weapon/


SCIENCETECHNOLOGY

Building — and delivering — a nuclear weapon

AFP
ByAFP
Posted on November 30, 2017

nuclear
PARIS: After testing a missile that North Korea said was capable of striking the US, Pyongyang claimed it had become a full nuclear power, though analysts remain sceptical.
Following are the steps necessary to build and deliver a nuclear weapon:
The raw material: uranium
The key ingredient in a nuclear bomb is enriched uranium — or plutonium, which can be obtained through the combustion of uranium.
Uranium is a relatively common mineral, found both in the ground and under the sea.
Some 20 countries operate uranium mines. According to the World Nuclear Association, more than two-thirds of uranium production comes from three countries — Kazakhstan (39 percent), Canada (22 percent) and Australia (10 percent).
Natural uranium is composed of uranium 238, which makes up 99.3 percent, and uranium 235, the remaining 0.7 percent. Only uranium 235, called “fissile uranium”, can be used for nuclear fuel.
Enrichment refers to the process of increasing the proportion of U-235 in order to obtain enough fuel to make a nuclear bomb.
In one process, uranium ore is crushed and ground before being irrigated, or leached, with sulphuric acid. In another, groundwater and oxygen are injected into the rock to extract the uranium.
After drying, the result is a concentrated solid known as “yellowcake”. This is transformed into uranium hexafluoride (UF6 or “hex”), which is in turn heated into a gaseous state to prepare it for enrichment.

Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
Enrichment
The most common process for separating U-238 from U-235 involves the use of a series of centrifuges that spin the uranium at ultra-high speeds. U-238, which is heavier, falls away as the uranium moves from one centrifuge to the next.
Thousands of centrifuges are needed to obtain a sufficient volume of enriched uranium. Only a handful of countries have such installations, which are vast and costly.
With low concentrations of U-235 — 3.5 to five percent — the fuel can be used to power a nuclear energy plant.
But a concentration of some 90 percent — termed weapons-grade — is needed for the critical mass to set off the chain reaction leading to a nuclear explosion.
An atomic bomb needs 25 kilos (55 pounds) of enriched uranium or eight kilos of plutonium.
There is currently enough plutonium and enriched uranium in the world to build the equivalent of 20,000 bombs like the one used on Hiroshima in 1945, according to the International Panel on Fissile Materials, an expert group.

A hydrogen bomb explodes above the Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in 1952.
A-bombs, H-bombs
The explosive power of an A-bomb, or atomic bomb, is achieved by splitting the nucleus of an atom. When the neutrons, or neutral particles, of the atom’s nucleus split, some hit the nuclei of nearby atoms, splitting them as well, causing a highly explosive chain reaction.
In an A-bomb using plutonium, its core of pure plutonium is surrounded by conventional chemical explosives, which are detonated in an “implosion” that splits the plutonium atoms.
The H-bomb — known as a hydrogen or thermonuclear bomb — is about 1,000 times more powerful than the A-bomb. Its principle is nuclear fusion, the same reaction that powers the Sun.
An A-bomb is used to set off the H-bomb, in which isotopes of hydrogen combine, or fuse, under extremely high temperatures to form helium in an minute amount of time.
The A-bomb that the US warplane Enola Gay dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, was the equivalent of 15,000 kilos of TNT, while an H-bomb packs the energy of several million kilos of TNT.
Only two A-bombs have been used militarily: the Hiroshima bomb and the one dropped by the US on Nagasaki three days later. No H-bomb has yet been used except in tests.
Challenges of Ballistics and miniaturisation
Three delivery methods are possible for nuclear bombs: by plane, from the ground or from a submarine.
Delivering a bomb aboard a missile rather than simply dropping it from the air entails mastering both ballistics — all the calculations involved in getting the warhead to its target — and the miniaturisation of the nuclear charge so that it can be mounted on the warhead.
An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) requires a guidance and stability control system to direct it thousands of kilometres accurately without breaking apart.
Miniaturisation entails making the bomb compact enough to fit on a warhead but robust enough to survive the flight.
The miniaturised bomb occupies only a tiny part of the missile, which mainly contains the fuel necessary for its firing and propulsion.
A single missile can contain several warheads capable of reaching multiple targets.
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Sunday, 26 November 2017

FAST CONVOCATION (OLD PREFIX BCCI-FAST) KEY NOTE ADDRESS- COMBINED 405 GRADUATES


ACTION RESEARCH OPINION:


The old guards of BCC-FAST, ICS congratulate Prof. Dr. Hasina Khatoon for accomplishments of Pathway which arose from BCC-FAST, ICS & SAH in mid 1980s. Professor, your gifted vision and direction, upholding degree awarding status of Computer Science and Emerging Technologies of FAST-NU, service for combatants of IT knowledge is superb contribution.


   

                                          BCCI-FAST, ICS, Karachi-1984
                                               
                                             BCCI-FAST, ICS, Karachi-1986


                                                         BCCI-FAST, ICS, Karachi-1984

More so, the information technology life cycle is continuously in folding in wider span of applications, literally cascading nativity. Contesting, the natural challenges upheaval, the FAST-NU keynote discourse (the Sunday DAWN {28/11/17}, revelation of the corporate strength base by; faculty and gradutes’ acumen, an impetus boost of emerging domains and learners’ acuity, readers wished more exposition of all.

However, beyond basics, warping the FAST-NU graduates’ skills, in the World sooq of head-hunters’ eagle eye, gauge applicants’ professional analytical strength, ascertained with seamless evolution of solution ‘Aps’. The typical job market entrance, watches for immediate past IT tasks hands-on, as a positive edge in state-of-the art fetching core. Thus, the FAST-NU graduates while winning over the competitors are expected to show their vitality of knowledge base: Why, What and How, which is a latch, on the job floor. Wish them success in emerging technolgies: Big Data, Bit Coin and Block Chain Systems, and many more likewise setting pathways of nearby future.

ANNALS OF BCCI-FAST

Ephemeral recall, the BCCI-FAST was governed at birtrh by a board with mighty majority of the BCCI-BANK nominees, and augmented by computer  science illiterate feudal dignitories, the body called BCCI-Foundation for Advancment of Science and Technology (FAST), Head Office at Lahore with 2 arms ICS (Institute of Computer Science, Karachi, 1984 and SAH Computer Engeneering Institute, nearly in 1982.

Objectivity; preparing technology loaed manpower , a backup for upcoming banking, which would be employing emerging Computer crunching Information as an unaoidable.

Professor’s dossier was an earmark of the pioneers; the old guards wish to endorse tributes to BCC-FAST visionary initiative of; Prof Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi (Chemist) Hon’y Secretary of BCCI-FAST, Prof. Dr. Saeed Ahmed Khan Lodhi (Physical Chemistry), Administrator of BCCI-FAST, who were catching a black cat in darkness. God blessed them to erect milestones. 

At one point When Dr. Dino Director of Post Graduate Education of NewJersey Institute of Technology, US visited, to evaluate the BCCI-FAST Karachi Institute system on ground, and was pleased to grant admission and scholarships to 5 students in NewJersy Institute of Technology in  post-graduation over there (1989). Some of them were planted in ORACLE CORPOPORATION US, and proved an asset, on record.

The old guards’ offer Salam & tributes to the pioneer team’s passion and piercing dedications, whose foundation stone is sapling fruits.  

After the unfortunate collapse of the BCCI-BANK in Feb. 1992.
Consequently, the BCCI-FAST treasury had over Rs22 crores, to predators’, for luring the BCCI-FAST, ICS Karachi, to their convenience place, on record, this Panama began by Mahboobul Hak, God Father of Science of Political Management, Fortunately, God blessed ‘Karachites’ to contest litigations, against administrative facism.

Archive Memoirs:

The BCCI-FAST Foundation had Registered Head Office at Lahore, originally Justice Akhlaq Hussain Foundation, solely sponsored by prominent philanthropist Agha Hasan Abidi thru BCCI-BANK, renowned banker for progressive venture financing. Salam to his initiative.


                                             
                                         Dignitories, Visiting Semkinar BCCI-FAST, ICS, Karcahi-1988


                                  

                            BCCI-FAST President on his first visit to ICS-Karachi -1989





                                         

                                          BCCI-FAST FACULTY Symposium—1990

Selective Press apperances of BCCI-FAST, ICS the than facullty.

 

“I AM HERE TO HELP CREATE A MERIT ORIENTED SOCIETY” Clipping, Prof. S. Javed Ashraf, ‘Daily News’, Karachi, 28th June, 1986 http://b4gen.blogspot.com/2017/02/i-am-here-to-help-create-merit-oriented.html

 

MINING INTO BCCI-FAST BIOGRAPHY By Prof. J. Ashraf Posted on September 19, 2012 https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4068553338055038448#editor/target=post;postID=948068538224987835;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=7;src=postname

 

DEFICIT OF LEDAING TECHNOLOGIES: https://www.google.com/search?ei=6-RBWqe8EcWBkwWezoPABw&q=QUANTUM+TECHNOLOGIES&oq=QUANTUM+TECHNOLOGIES&gs_l=psy-ab.12..0l10.52477.58944.0.62531.2.2.0.0.0.0.478.709.2-1j0j1.2.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.2.707...0i10k1.0.hV322EKRXy0     

****
405 GRADUATES RECEIVE DEGREES AT FAST UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION @HasanShazia 

https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=26_11_2017_118_004

https://epaper.dawn.com/?page=26_11_2017_118

405 graduates receive degrees at FAST convocation

   
By Shazia Hasan | 11/26/2017 12:00:00 AM

KARACHI: Some 405 graduates received their degrees at the 51st convocation of the Foundation for Advancement of Science & Technology (FAST) National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences here on Saturday.

Of the total, 367 received their bachelor`s degrees as 37 got the master`s and one was honoured with a PhD in computer science.

During her welcome address, Dr Hasina Khatoon, director of FAST National University`s Karachi campus, pointed out a frustrating problem keeping the academic institute from expanding in Karachi. `The university is built on six acres of land, which is notenough so the government awarded us with six acres of additional land right across. But the land has been encroached on and vacating it is not possible for us,` she said.

`It has kept us from adding more departments and labs. We have also had to build on our playground due to shortage of land,` she said. `And we still don`t have a hostel here for students coming to study from other parts of Sindh because of which many students after getting admission do not attend classes as they have nowhere to stay,` the director said.

She urged Sindh Minister for Education and Literacy Jam Mehtab Hussain Dahar, the chief guest at the convocation, to help her. `If the land across cannot by vacated, I suggest the land situated right next to us, which also happens to be six acres in size, be allotted to us sothat we can expand our university there,` she suggested.

Dr Mohammad Ayub Alvi, rector of the university, after congratulating the graduating students and their parents and thanking the teachers for their hard work arrived at the same issue. He also informed the education minister that many of their students got off the buses across the road and then it was very dangerous for them to cross the National Highway to come to the university. `We would greatly benefit from a pedestrian bridge here,` he said.

Mr Dahar said he would do everything in his power to resolve the issue. `I commit to try my best to resolve this encroachment issue, he said.

Airing his pleasure to be gracing the 51stconvocation on the university`s Karachi campus, the minister said that realising the importance of education, the Education Department of Sindh had been making continuous efforts for improvement there. `The education budget has been increased and appointment of teachers is being done on merit while the students too are being tested regularly to gauge their progress,` he said.

`So far we have managed to bring down the number of children out of school from 7.3 million to 6.5 million,` he said.

`Higher education has a huge impact on the development of a country. Investment in higher education is investment in human capital,` he said.

To the graduating students, he said: `You have the responsibility of working for the tech-nology industry in your country. Hard work, knowledge and determination are three pillars of strength. Prepare to unlearn and relearn at every step of your life,` he said.

The FAST National University has five established campuses located in Faisalabad, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar.

The university offers bachelors, masters and PhD programmes in various disciplines, including business administration, civil and electrical engineering, computer science and mathematical sciences.

Its programmes are accredited by the Pakistan Engineering Council and the National Computing Education Accreditation Council. The university has more than 450 full-time faculty members of whom 118 hold PhD degrees.
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Monday, 20 November 2017

LEADER & MANAGER 9 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LEADER AND A MANAGER


Source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamarruda/2016/11/15/9-differences-between-being-a-leader-and-a-manager/#304dd8dd4609

9 Differences Between Being A Leader And A Manager


William Arruda , CONTRIBUTOR
I write about personal branding.  Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.
When you are promoted into a role where you are managing people, you don’t automatically become a leader. There are important distinctions between managing and leading people. Here are nine of the most important differences that set leaders apart:
1. Leaders create a vision, managers create goals.
Leaders paint a picture of what they see as possible and inspire and engage their people in turning that vision into reality. They think beyond what individuals do. They activate people to be part of something bigger. They know that high-functioning teams can accomplish a lot more working together than individuals working autonomously. Managers focus on setting, measuring and achieving goals. They control situations to reach or exceed their objectives.

2. Leaders are change agents, managers maintain the status quo.
Leaders are proud disrupters. Innovation is their mantra. They embrace change and know that even if things are working, there could be a better way forward. And they understand and accept the fact that changes to the system often create waves. Managers stick with what works, refining systems, structures and processes to make them better.
3. Leaders are unique, managers copy.
Leaders are willing to be themselves. They are self-aware and work actively to build their unique and differentiated personal brand. They are comfortable in their own shoes and willing to stand out. They’re authentic and transparent. Managers mimic the competencies and behaviors they learn from others and adopt their leadership style rather than defining it.
4. Leaders take risks, managers control risk .
Leaders are willing to try new things even if they may fail miserably. They know that failure is often a step on the path to success. Managers work to minimize risk. They seek to avoid or control problems rather than embracing them.
5. Leaders are in it for the long haul, managers think short-term.
Leaders have intentionality. They do what they say they are going to do and stay motivated toward a big, often very distant goal. They remain motivated without receiving regular rewards. Managers work on shorter-term goals, seeking more regular acknowledgment or accolades.
6. Leaders grow personally, managers rely on existing, proven skills.
Leaders know if they aren’t learning something new every day, they aren’t standing still, they’re falling behind. They remain  curious and seek to remain relevant in an ever-changing world of work. They seek out people and information that will expand their thinking. Managers often double down on what made them successful, perfecting existing skills and adopting proven behaviors.
7. Leaders build relationships, managers build systems and processes.
Leaders focus on people – all the stakeholders they need to influence in order to realize their vision. They know who their stakeholders are and spend most of their time with them. They build loyalty and trust by consistently delivering on their promise. Managers focus on the structures necessary to set and achieve goals. They focus on the analytical and ensure systems are in place to attain desired outcomes. They work with individuals and their goals and objectives.
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8. Leaders coach, managers direct.
Leaders know that people who work for them have the answers or are able to find them. They see their people as competent and are optimistic about their potential. They resist the temptation to tell their people what to do and how to do it. Managers assign tasks and provide guidance on how to accomplish them.
9. Leaders create fans, managers have employees.
Leaders have people who go beyond following them; their followers become their raving fans and fervent promoters – helping them build their brand and achieve their goals. Their fans help them increase their visibility and credibility. Managers have staff who follow directions and seek to please the boss.
Are you a manager or a leader?
William Arruda is the cofounder of CareerBlast and creator of the LinkedIn quiz that helps you evaluate your profile and networking strategy.
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      • NUCLEAR WEAPON: MAKING AND DELIVERING STAT-OF-THE ART
      • FAST CONVOCATION (OLD PREFIX BCCI-FAST) KEY NOTE A...
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