Source: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reasoning
reasoninghttp://www.dictionary.com/browse/reasoning
noun: the act or process of a person ***
noun verb (used without object) verb (used with object) Idioms
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
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Source: http://study.com/academy/lesson/reasoning-definition-examples-quiz.html
***
Source: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/deductive-reasoning
deductive reasoning
CONTINUE READING ABOUT DEDUCTIVE REASONING
RELATED TERMS
inductive reasoning
Continue
Reading About inductive reasoning
Related Terms
Observation
Theories
and Hypotheses
Predictions
Data
The Virtuous Cycle
Differences
Synonyms for reasoning
noun logic, interpretation
More words related to reasoning
- rumination
- sequitur
- speculation
- thinking
- thought
- ****
- http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reasoning
reason
[ree-zuh n]
1.
a basis or cause, as for some belief, action, fact, event, etc.:
the reason for declaring war.
2.
a statement presented in justification or explanation of a belief oraction:
I dare you to give me one good reason for quitting school!
3.
the mental powers concerned with forming conclusions, judgments, orinferences:
Effective leadership requires a person of reason.
4.
sound judgment; good sense.
5.
normal or sound powers of mind; sanity.
6.
Logic. a premise of an argument.
7.
Philosophy.
- the faculty or power of acquiring intellectual knowledge, either bydirect understanding of first principles or by argument.
- the power of intelligent and dispassionate thought, or of conductinfluenced by such thought.
- Kantianism. the faculty by which the ideas of pure reason arecreated.
8.
to think or argue in a logical manner.
9.
to form conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises.
10.
to urge reasons which should determine belief or action.
11.
to think through logically, as a problem (often followed by out).
12.
to conclude or infer.
13.
to convince, persuade, etc., by reasoning.
14.
to support with reasons.
15.
bring (someone) to reason, to induce a change of opinion in(someone) through presentation of arguments; convince:
The mother tried to bring her rebellious daughter to reason.
16.
by reason of, on account of; because of:
He was consulted about the problem by reason of his long experience.
17.
in /within reason, in accord with reason; justifiable; proper:
She tried to keep her demands in reason.
18.
stand to reason, to be clear, obvious, or logical:
With such an upbringing it stands to reason that the child will bespoiled.
19.
with reason, with justification; properly:
The government is concerned about the latest crisis, and with reason.
Origin
1175-1225; Middle English resoun, reisun (noun) < Old French reisun,reson < Latin ratiōn- (stem of ratiō) ratio
Related forms
reasoner, noun
nonreason, noun
nonreasoner, noun
outreason, verb (used with object)
subreason, noun
Synonyms
1. purpose, end, aim, object, objective. 2. excuse, rationalization. 3.understanding, intellect, mind, intelligence. 10. persuade.
Synonym Study
1. Reason, cause, motive are terms for a circumstance (or circumstances)which brings about or explains certain results. A reason is an explanationof a situation or circumstance which made certain results seem possible orappropriate: The reason for the robbery was the victim's display of hismoney.The cause is the way in which the circumstances produce theeffect, that is, make a specific
Usage note
The construction reason is because is criticized in a number of usageguides: The reason for the long delays was because the costs greatlyexceeded the original estimates.One objection to this construction is basedon its redundancy: the word because (literally, by cause) contains within itthe meaning of reason; thus saying the reason is because is like saying“The cause is by cause,” which would never be said. A second objection isbased on the claim that because can introduce only adverbial clauses andthat reason is requires completion by a noun clause. Critics wouldsubstitute that for because in the offending construction: The reason forthe long delays in completing the project was that the costs. …Althoughthe objections described here are frequently raised, reason is because isstill common in almost all levels of speech and occurs often in editedwriting as well.
A similar charge of redundancy is made against the reason why, which isalso a well- established idiom: The reason why the bill failed to pass wasthe defection of th
reasoning
/ˈriːzənɪŋ/
noun
1.
the act or process of drawing conclusions from facts, evidence, etc
2.
the arguments, proofs, etc, so adduced
reason
/ˈriːzən/
noun
1.
the faculty of rational argument, deduction, judgment, etc
2.
sound mind; sanity
3.
a cause or motive, as for a belief, action, e
tc
tc
4.
an argument in favour of or a justification for something
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for reasoning
n.
late 14c., "exercise of the power of reason; act or process of thinkinglogically;" also "an instance of this;" verbal noun from reason (v.).
reason
v.
early 14c., resunmen, "to question (someone)," also "to challenge," fromOld French raisoner "speak, discuss; argue; address; speak to," from LateLatin rationare "to discourse," from ratio (see reason (n.)). Intransitivesense of "to think in a logical manner" is from 1590s; transitive sense of"employ reasoning (with someone)" is from 1847. Related: Reasoned ; reasoning.
reason
n.
c.1200, "intellectual faculty that adopts actions to ends," also "statementin an argument, statement of explanation or justification," from Anglo-French resoun, Old French raison "course; matter; subject; language,speech; thought, opinion," from Latin rationem (nominative ratio) "reckoning, understanding, motive, cause," from ratus, past participle ofreri "to reckon, think," from PIE root *re(i)- "to reason, count" (cf. OldEnglish rædan "to advise; see read (v.)).
Meaning "sanity; degree of intelligence that distinguishes men frombrutes" is recorded from late 13c. Sense of "grounds for action, motive,cause of an event" is from c.1300. Middle English sense of "meaning,signification" (early 14c.) is in the phrase rhyme or reason. Phrase itstands to reason is from 1630s. Age of Reason "the Enlightenment" is firstrecorded 1794, as the title of Tom Paine's book.
Meaning "sanity; degree of intelligence that distinguishes men frombrutes" is recorded from late 13c. Sense of "grounds for action, motive,cause of an event" is from c.1300. Middle English sense of "meaning,signification" (early 14c.) is in the phrase rhyme or reason. Phrase itstands to reason is from 1630s. Age of Reason "the Enlightenment" is firstrecorded 1794, as the title of Tom Paine's book.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Idioms and Phrases with reasoning
reason
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
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Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
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Source: http://study.com/academy/lesson/reasoning-definition-examples-quiz.html
Instructor: James Greaver
Jim has a master's degree in secondary Education and has taught English from middle school level to college.
In this lesson, we will examine what reasoning is and how it's applied to literature and composition. We will look at some examples, and then you will take a short quiz to check your understanding of the concept.
What is Reasoning?
Reasoning is what we do when we take information that we are given, compare it to what we already know, and then come up with a conclusion. Simple, huh? While much of our ability to reason is innate, these skills can be taught and improved upon. Reasoning skills often happen subconsciously and within seconds. However, sometimes we need to think things through to reach a conclusion when we are presented with a tough question or situation.
Reasoning skills are essential to day-to-day life: we use them to make choices among possible options, to distinguish between positive and negative situations, to decide how to approach a problem and resolve it, and much more. As we consider some more specific examples, keep in mind this equation, which may help you to understand how it all works:
Given Information + Knowledge = Reasoned Conclusion
Reasoning in the Real World
We have to use reasoning skills all the time in the real world. For example, say you get invited to a family function, but you also have an important school assignment to finish. This requires reasoning, since you must consider the two choices, trying to balance family with schooling. Also, we are often presented with situations that force us to make moral decisions between right and wrong. Your friends may ask you to do something that you know you probably shouldn't do, such as smoking or drinking. In this case, you must reason between the harmful effects and the moral choice vs. pleasing your friends and having 'fun', as they may call it!
Let's look at another example and this time let's keep in mind our equation:
Given Information + Knowledge = Reasoned Conclusion
Say someone asks you what your favorite book is. Now you have been given something, a question regarding books that you like. You take that and pair it with what you already know, perhaps a mental list of books you have read. Then, out of this list of books, you mentally eliminate the ones you didn't care so much for and narrow down your choices to two or three. Finally, you consider what you liked about them, the interesting characters, plot lines, or themes, and you choose the one you liked best - The Hobbit. You have taken what you were given, paired it with what you already knew, and come to a conclusion based on that information. Here is what it might look like in our equation:
What's my favorite book? + Consider the books I have read, which I liked, and why = my favorite is The Hobbit.
Reasoning in Literature
There are many ways we use reasoning in literature. We use reasoning when we consider the characters and evaluate settings. We also use reasoning when we consider the plot and themes, imagining what may or may not happen later in the story.
For example, let's stick with the story of The Hobbit. Focusing on the character Bilbo Baggins, we can consider the concept of character development, which is the way an author creates interest in his or her characters through the way they speak, act, look, and even how they are seen by other characters. As you read the story, you see Bilbo interacting with other characters. You see him allowing his home to be taken over by numerous hungry dwarves and feeding them all. Throughout the story, you see Bilbo wrestle with the idea of being a hero while often doing heroic deeds. You see other characters discuss their fears about Bilbo's abilities, only to later witness him save their own hides!
All of this is assembled in your mind, allowing you to develop an opinion about Bilbo. The result could be that you develop an appreciation for Bilbo. Perhaps, someone else might decide she doesn't like him at all! That process is all conducted by reasoning. The equation might look like this:
What do I think of Bilbo Baggins? + His fears, his bravery, his interactions with others, his kindness = I think Bilbo is a good Hobbit who tries his best to do what is right, in spite of his own fears!
This is just one example of the many, many ways to reason through a piece of literature. Now let's take a look at using reasoning in writing.
***
Source: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/deductive-reasoning
DEFINITION
deductive reasoning
Posted by: Margaret Rouse
Contributor(s): Stan Gibilisco
Deductive reasoning is a
logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple
premises that are generally assumed to be true.
Deductive reasoning is
sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred
to as bottom-up logic. Where deductive reasoning proceeds from general
premises to a specific conclusion, inductive reasoning proceeds from specific
premises to a general conclusion.
The Greek philosopher
Aristotle, who is considered the father of deductive reasoning, wrote the
following classic example:
·
All men are mortal.
·
Socrates is a man.
·
Therefore, Socrates is
mortal.
In Aristotle’s example,
sometimes referred to as a syllogism, the premises of the argument -- that all
men are mortal and that Socrates is a man -- are self-evidently true. Because
the premises establish that Socrates is an individual in a group whose members
are all mortal, the inescapable conclusion is that Socrates must likewise be
mortal.
****
THIS WAS LAST UPDATED IN MAY 2013
CONTINUE READING ABOUT DEDUCTIVE REASONING
RELATED TERMS
DATA CONTEXT IS THE NETWORK OF CONNECTIONS AMONG DATA POINTS. THOSE CONNECTIONS MAY BE CREATED AS METADATA OR SIMPLY IDENTIFIED ... SEE COMPLETE DEFINITION
DATA INTEGRATION IS THE PROCESS OF RETRIEVING DATA FROM MULTIPLE SOURCE SYSTEMS AND COMBINING IT IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT CAN YIELD ... SEE COMPLETE DEFINITION
IOT ANALYTICS IS THE APPLICATION OF DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS AND PROCEDURES TO REALIZE VALUE FROM THE HUGE VOLUMES OF DATA GENERATED ... SEE COMPLETE DEFINITION
****
DEFINITION
inductive reasoning
Posted by: Margaret Rouse
Contributor(s): Stan Gibilisco
Inductive reasoning is a
logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true
most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.
Inductive reasoning is often
used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, or behavior. Here is
an example:
·
Every tornado I have ever
seen in the United States rotated counterclockwise, and I have seen dozens of
them.
·
We see a tornado in the
distance, and we are in the United States.
·
I conclude that the tornado
we see right now must be rotating counterclockwise.
A meteorologist will tell you
that in the United States (which lies in the northern hemisphere), most
tornadoes rotate counterclockwise, but not all of them do. Therefore, the
conclusion is probably true, but not necessarily true. Inductive reasoning is,
unlike deductive reasoning, not logically rigorous. Imperfection can exist and
inaccurate conclusions can occur, however rare; in deductive reasoning the
conclusions are mathematically certain.
Inductive reasoning is
sometimes confused with mathematical induction, an entirely different process.
Mathematical induction is a form of deductive reasoning, in which logical certainties are
"daisy chained" to derive a general conclusion about an infinite
number of objects or situations.
This was last updated in May
2013
Continue
Reading About inductive reasoning
Related Terms
Data context is the network of connections among data points.
Those connections may be created as metadata or simply identified ... See complete definition
Data integration is the process of retrieving data from multiple
source systems and combining it in such a way that it can yield ... See complete definition
IoT analytics is the application of data analysis tools and
procedures to realize value from the huge volumes of data generated ... See complete definition
***
Source: https://explorable.com/scientific-reasoning
Scientific reasoning is the
foundation supporting the entire structure of logic underpinning scientific
research. It is to explore the entire process, in anydetail, because
the exact nature varies between the various scientific disciplines.
Despite these differences, there are four basic foundations that
underlie the idea, pulling together the cycle of scientific reasoning.
Observation
Most research has real world observation as its initial
foundation. Looking at natural phenomena is what leads a researcher to question
what is going on, and begin to formulate scientific questions and hypotheses.
Any theory, and prediction, will need to be tested against
observable data.
Theories
and Hypotheses
This is where the scientist proposes the possible reasons behind the
phenomenon, the laws of nature governing the behavior.
Scientific research uses various scientific reasoning processes
to arrive at a viable research problem and hypothesis. A theory is generally broken
down into individual hypotheses, or problems, and tested gradually.
Predictions
A good researcher has to predict the results of their research,
stating their idea about the outcome of the experiment, often in the form of an alternative hypothesis.
Scientists usually test the predictions of a theory or hypothesis, rather than the theory itself.
If the predictions are found to be incorrect, then the theory is incorrect, or
in need of refinement.
Data
Data is the applied part of science, and the results of real world
observations are tested against the predictions.
If the observations match the predictions, the theory is
strengthened. If not, the theory needs to be changed. A range of statistical
tests is used to test predictions, although many observation based scientific
disciplines cannot use statistics.
The Virtuous Cycle
This process is cyclical: as experimental results accept or
refute hypotheses, these are applied to the real world observations, and future
scientists can build upon these observations to generate further theories.
Differences
Whilst the scientific reasoning process is
a solid foundation to the scientific method, there are
variations between various disciplines.
For example, social science, with its reliance on case studies, tends to emphasis
the observation phase, using this to define research problems and
questions.
Physical sciences, on the other hand, tend to start at the
theory stage, building on previous studies, and observation is probably the
least important stage of the cycle.
Many
theoretical physicists spend their entire career building theories, without
leaving their office. Observation is, however, always used as the final proof.
****
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